Fish lipids typically exhibit a range of colors when initially extracted and isolated as crude oil, such as yellow, brown, green, or even black, due to the presence of different types and quantities of pigments and particles.
To ensure appearance and quality, oil refineries generally need to refine the crude oil to remove the color and reduce these colorants.
The decolorization process is a critical step in the purification of fish oil esters, it helps to remove not only pigmented substances, but also remove trace metal elements in oil esters, free fatty acids (FFA), phospholipids, saponification, odorous substances, residual pesticides, etc., which can contribute to off-flavors, rancidity, and reduced shelf life.
It is the last process before the oil is subjected to deodorization under high-temperature treatment for further removal of impurities.
By removing these impurities, the fish oil esters are given a clear and visually appealing appearance, enhancing their marketability and improving oxidative stability.
As a supplier of fish oil refining and purification equipment, we understand the requirements of omega-3 fish oil purification and the importance of decolorization in improving the quality and appeal of fish oil esters.
In this article, we aim to provide basic process information to help readers effectively select the decolorization process and equipment.
The Essence Of the Decolorization Is Purification And Removal Of Impurities
The decolorization process can be specially designed to maximize the removal of trace metals, FFA, peroxides, residual saponification, residual phospholipids, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons of higher molecular weights and residues, and to partially remove the pigments in the oil esters, mainly chlorophyll, pigments formed during the processing, some colored products resulting from the decomposition and oxidation of certain colorless substances.
Pigments which may present in their natural state can be efficiently removed by thermal cleavage in the case of deodorization.
The purpose of the decolorization process is to improve the color of the crude oil and obtain light-colored or nearly colorless oil, rather than theoretically removing all the pigments in the oil.
Sometimes it is even mainly to remove other impurities other than pigments, and to provide qualified raw material oil for the next step of the oil deodorization process.
Therefore, the decoloring process is indispensable, even if the crude oil is very light in color, otherwise, the flavor of the oil will deteriorate after complete refining.
Choosing Suitable Methods For Decolorization
There are many process technologies for oil refining decolorization, including membrane decolorization, light energy decolorization, ultrasound-assisted decolorization, thermal decolorization, adsorption decolorization, etc.
Adsorption decolorization is the most widely used in the application of decolorization of fish oil esters for human consumption. Let’s explore the detail on each of them.
- Membrane Decolorization
Membrane decolorization is realized through selective permeability of membrane units, the mixture is extracted, purified, and enriched under the action of the concentration difference, mainly used in the extraction of proteins, aseptic filtration of dairy products, etc.
It is a new type of separation method used in the refining of oil esters, and it can efficiently remove colloid, free fatty acid, and pigment.
- Light Energy Decolorization
Light energy decolorization is aimed at pigments with a high degree of unsaturation, such as carotenoids and chlorophylls, and takes advantage of their ability to absorb the energy of visible light and near-ultraviolet light to oxidize the double bonds, destroying the structure of the color-forming groups and thus decolorizing the oil esters.
- Ultrasonic-assisted Decolorization
Ultrasound-assisted decolorization is the combination of ultrasound technology and adsorbent to investigate the decolorization of oils with lower dosages of adsorbent, lower temperature, shorter time consumption, and better adsorption effect.
- Thermal Decolorization
The thermal decolorization method is used when the decomposition of heat-sensitive pigments at high temperatures, and at higher temperatures the proteins, phospholipids, and other gelatinous substances in the oil will be dehydrated and denatured, adsorbing other pigments to achieve the effect of removing the precipitation.
Thermal decolorization can get stable quality oils, which can be stored for 8 months without adding antioxidants, and the color is still within the national standard, so this method is often used as an auxiliary means to help decolorization.
- Adsorption Decolorization Method
The adsorption decolorization method uses certain adsorbents with strong selective adsorbability to some pigments in oils to remove pigments and other impurities in oil under certain conditions.
The factors affecting the adsorption decolorization include the type and dosage of adsorbent, the variety and quality of lipids, the decolorization time, the decolorization temperature, and the mixing degree of oils and decolorizing agents.
The type of decolorizing agent is one of the most important factors affecting the adsorption and decolorization effect.
Adsorption decolorization can not only remove pigment but also remove trace metals, FFA, residual saponification, phospholipids, some odor substances, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, and pesticide residues in oils.
- Other Methods of Decolorization
In addition to the common decolorization methods mentioned above, there are other decolorization methods such as chemical decolorization and enzyme decolorization.
Chemical decolorization uses oxidizing agents to oxidize and decompose the pigments to lighten the color of oils, but it is not applicable to the production of edible fats and oils.
Enzymatic decolorization uses enzymes to oxidize the pigments, such as lipoxygenase to oxidize chlorophyll and β-carotene.
In the actual fish oil refining process, in addition to the independent decoloring section, other sections of the refining equipment also play the role of auxiliary decoloring.
For example, in the alkaline refining and deacidification section, the saponaria (botany) generated has an adsorption effect on the pigment.
In the refining and deodorization stage, when the temperature reaches 230~250 ℃, heat-sensitive pigments such as carotenoids will be decomposed into small molecules and volatilized to remove at this stage.
However, in the edible oil products processing industry, adsorption decolorization is still the most widely used decolorization method in refinement processing.
If only to remove the pigment in the fish oil, there are many methods, such as adsorption, high-temperature cracking, like thermal decolorization in deodorization, light decolorization (oxidative decomposition by sunlight), and decolorization by chemical reagents (e.g., oxidative reduction with H2O2, Na2SO3).
However, when heat, light, and chemical methods are used for decolorization, some pigments are likely to be decomposed and transformed into colorless or light-colored products, which remain in the oil and whose safety is questionable, while the oil itself is prone to chemical reactions. Therefore, these decolorization methods are only used for non-edible oils, and edible fats and fish oils are almost never decolorized solely by these methods.
It is important to note that decolorization shall be performed in a controlled environment, following good manufacturing practices and relevant safety guidelines.
Additionally, the process shall be optimized based on the specific characteristics of the fish oil ester and the decolorizing agent being used.
Remember to conduct small-scale trials and evaluate the impact of the decolorization process on the quality and stability of the fish oil ethyl ester. Regular monitoring and analysis are crucial to ensure the desired color removal while preserving the nutritional properties of the oil.
How To Choose Proper Adsorbent?
Choosing the right decolorizing agent is essential for effective purification. Activated charcoal, bleaching earth (such as bentonite), activated bleaching clay, attapulgite, or a combination of them are commonly used agents.
Consider factors such as efficiency, cost, availability, and compatibility with the intended application when selecting the decolorizing agent.
- Activated white clay or bleaching clay has a stronger adsorption ability for pigment and colloidal substances, especially for some alkaline atom groups or polar groups with stronger adsorption ability.
- Activated carbon can adsorb macromolecular substances, is especially effective in removing blue and green pigments, and also has strong adsorption capacity for gases, pesticide residues, etc. However, it is expensive and has a higher oil absorption rate, and is often mixed with bleached earth or activated white earth.
- Attapulgite is delicate and has a better decoloring effect and lower oil absorption rate, but it is difficult to be filtered. Its activeness is affected by factors such as the original soil, acid treatment, and moisture. The effect of these factors on the acid value of the oil, the filtration rate, and the rate of oil loss shall be taken into account while expecting a high degree of activity.
The appropriate activity of the mineral clay and the amount to be added for a particular oil under specific decolorization conditions can generally be optimized by laboratory sample tests.
The basis for the selection of adsorbent in the adsorption and decolorization of oils shall be as follows:
- Selective adsorption capacity, a large number of adsorption impurities, and less oil absorption, with a small amount of adsorbent to achieve the desired performance.
- Stable chemical properties, no chemical interaction with the oil, can not make the oil odor.
- It shall have certain engineering characteristics, such as mechanical strength, geometry, etc. It is easy to use and can be separated from crude oil in a simple way.
- Wide range of sources, low price, economic use.
What Is The Process Steps Of Fish Oil Decolorization?
Basically started from Crude oil, measurement, pre-mixing, heating, decoloration, filtration, primary essential oil, safety filtration, and get decolorized oil as refined clean fish oil.
Specific method and principle of fish oil refining and decoloring:
1、Oil shall be measured and preheated to 80～90℃, all oil is pre-mixed with activated mineral clay and sent to the decolorization tower for decolorization.
2、Mixing of oil and active white earth as decolorant under a normal pressure environment and pre-mixing under a high-temperature environment can avoid the oxidation of oil lipids caused by heating to the maximum extent, so as to ensure the quality of oil.
3、Separation of fish oil and waste clay after decolorization is done by filtration. In China, many vertical blade filters and plate and frame filters are commonly used to filter the oil and grease. When using vertical blade filter filtration, the whole process of the separated medium is in a completely closed environment. After filtration, the oil in the filter cake is dried with dry steam, which can reduce the residual oil in the filter cake and reduce the oxidation of the oil.
4, In the decolorized clear oil obtained through the above primary filtration, a certain amount of waste clay will inevitably remain due to the filtration equipment or operation. If it is directly sent to the deodorization section, it will accelerate the oxidation of the oil, and also pollute the deodorization equipment, which is not conducive to the quality of the final oil.
Therefore, in actual production, the decolorized clear oil should be safely filtered after primary filtration to ensure the colour and quality of the final oil.
Decolorization must be carried out under vacuum conditions. For most oil lipids, the dosage of clay is 5%. Before the decolorization process, the oil must be degummed and deacidified to remove as much water and other impurities as possible.
After the oil and the adsorbent clay are evenly combined, at a temperature of 90-100 ℃, stirring for 20-30min, and get the decolorization of the oil after filtration. There are two kinds of methods: intermittent and continuous, and the latter is used more often.
Nevertheless, adsorption decolorization is the most expensive process in oil refining.
Firstly, the high cost of purchasing adsorbent clay minerals, secondly, the loss of oil caused by the adsorption of pigment and particals, and thirdly, the treatment cost of waste mineral clay mixture.
For example, a 500t/d medium-sized refinery, with an annual output of 125,000t of refined oil, 1% of white earth, 20% of waste white earth with oil, the annual consumption of 1250t of white earth, the cost of about 0.3 million US$, 250t of oil loss, about 0.35 million US$, plus the cost of treatment of waste white earth, an estimated increase in the total cost of nearly 0.7 million US$, which may offset most of its annual profit.
What Are The Impurities You Wishes To Remove, And To What Extent?
- Oil Peroxides
As a purification step, the adsorption decolorization process shall be de capable to completely remove the oxidation products, including the primary oxidation products (hydroperoxides) formed by auto-oxidation and enzymatic oxidation of oils and the secondary oxidation products formed by their decomposition, as well as the oxidation products of lipids such as tocopherols, sterols, pigments and so on.
These substances exist in the oil to be decolorized, and if they cannot be removed, the stability of the oil will be seriously affected.
Peroxides usually have a certain polarity and can be effectively adsorbed by the white clay and attapulgite, at the same time, the activation of the white clay can be hydroperoxides and epoxy compounds, such as degradation into volatile aldehydes and ketones, which ensures that these compounds can be removed in the next step of the deodorization process efficiently.
This is the first task of decolorization.
Trace metals such as iron and copper are naturally present in fish oil lipids, either from the feeding or from the oil processing facility, these trace metals must be removed to the maximum extent possible by adsorption prior to deodorization to ensure the stability and quality of the deodorized oil.
In particular, the main purpose of the post-decolorization of hydrogenated oils is to remove the trace metal catalysts.
- Residual Saponification
Adsorption and decolorization is the best way to remove trace residual saponification.
Although most of the water-soluble sodium can be removed from alkali refining oil by water washing, a small amount of water-insoluble metal soap, such as calcium/magnesium soap, still exists in the oil.
Phospholipids can also be partially hydrolyzed in the alkali refining process, making alkali refining oil calcium/magnesium soap residue increase. These substances must be decolored to maximize their removal.
- Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) And Pesticide Residues
The environmental pollutants in refined oil mainly include pesticide residues and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), which can be substantially removed by adsorption and decolorization.
Pesticide residues mainly come from pesticides applied during the growth and feed of specialties and contaminated soil and water, pesticides containing phosphorus and nitrogen are absorbed into the oil after biodegradation, and they can be removed by adsorption of mineral clay in the process of decolorization.
Organochlorine pesticides are difficult to biodegrade and have a long period of contamination of the soil and water, and although the use of such pesticides has been banned in many countries, the environment is still contaminated, and it is difficult to remove them by adsorption once they are in the oil, and can only be removed during deodorization.
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons mainly come from the combustion process of pollutants, such as flue gas drying oil will increase the content of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the oil.
Generally, white clay cannot adsorb non-polar PAHs, but activated carbon and attapulgite can adsorb heavy PAHs with more than four rings, and the remaining light PAHs can be removed during deodorization.
- Coloring
The partial removal of pigments is, of course, one of the most important target.
The pigments in oils can be divided into primary pigments and new pigments.
The former are carotenoids and chlorophyll in their natural state, as well as cotton phenol in cottonseed oil. Chlorophylls are mainly removed by the decolorization process, and chlorophylls are a type of natural pigment that we hope to remove as much as possible during the decolorization process.
Carotenoids are heat sensitive and can be effectively removed by thermal cracking during deodorization. White clay will not adsorb cotton phenol, but cotton phenol is acidic and can be removed by neutralization during alkaline refining.
The latter are the oxidative decomposition products of primary pigments or their reaction products with other lipids, which are newborn pigments in the process. The newborn pigments are the ones that want to be completely removed during the decolorization process, but it is more difficult to do so.
There are two sources of free fatty acids(FFA) in crude oil, one is oil origin, and the other is triglycerides in the oil production process by heat or by the action of lipolytic enzymes decomposition of free production.
When the content of FFA in oil is too high, it will produce an irritating odor affecting the flavor of oil, hydrolysis, and rancidity of technically neutral oil, poor stability of unsaturated fatty acids against heat and oxygen, and promotion of oxidative rancidity of oil.
It itself is also a catalyst for the hydrolysis of lipids and phospholipids, and the solubility of water in oils increases with the increase in the presence of species containing free fatty acids. Therefore it needs to be removed.
Degumming and deacidification are two processes that are usually carried out in a tank, refining equipment through alkaline refining deacidification or physical deacidification method can be as much as possible to remove free fatty acids in the crude oil, so ensure the safety of the oil as well as to prepare for the next step of processing.
The assessment of the effect of oil decolorization, i.e. the formulation of the standard for the chromaticity of decolorized oil, shall be based on the different types of oil and lipids, the quality of the crude oil, and the use of the refined oil, and strive to obtain a large degree of improvement of the color of the oil under the prerequisite of a high decontamination effect and a low loss of oil.
Factors Affecting The Decolouring Process
There are many factors affecting the adsorption and decolorization of fish oils: oil quality and pre-treatment, quality, and dosage of adsorbent, operating pressure, etc.
Detailed information is as follows:
- Oil quality and pretreatment
As mentioned above, the natural pigment in oil is easier to remove, while the new pigment formed during oil storage and oil production or the pigment fixed by oxidation is more difficult to remove. It can be seen that improving the quality of crude oil and avoiding oxidation of the oil during processing can ensure the effect of decolorization.
The quality of the oil before decolorization is also very important to the decolorization efficiency. When part of the impurities, like residual gum and the suspended matter will occupy part of the activation surface, thus reducing the decolorization efficiency or increasing the amount of adsorbent.
Therefore, it is necessary to control the operating conditions in the process of degumming and acid removal to ensure the effectiveness of the adsorption process.
- Quality and dosage of adsorbent
The adsorbent is a more critical factor affecting the decolorization effect.
Different kinds of adsorbents have their own characteristics, so in order to economically obtain a better decolorization effect you shall properly select the adsorbent according to the specific requirements of the oil decolorization process.
- Operating pressure
The process of adsorption and decolorization often accompanied by thermal oxidation side reactions. This side reaction is favourable to the decolorization of oil and grease because part of the pigment fades due to oxidation, and the unfavourable side is that the pigment is fixed due to oxidation (no reaction to adsorption) or new pigment is produced, and it affects the stability of the finished oil.
The adsorption and decolorization operation is divided into two types: atmospheric pressure and negative pressure.
In normal pressure decolorization, the thermal oxidation side reaction is always accompanied by adsorption, while in negative pressure decolourisation, due to the low operating pressure, the thermal oxidation side reaction is very small compared with normal pressure decolourisation, and theoretically it can be considered that only adsorption exists.
The absolute pressure in the decolorizer shall be reduced to 93kpa~6.6kpa, i.e. vacuum decolorization can effectively remove the air in it.
The appropriate effective stirring blade can improve the decoloring effect and calculate the effective decoloring time.
Different varieties of oils and adsorbents show different decolorization effects under different pressure conditions.
Adsorbents with higher activity and oils with low saturation degree are suitable for decolorization under negative pressure, while adsorbents with lower activity, natural bleaching earth or AOCS standard activated white earth and oils with higher saturation degree are decolorized at atmospheric pressure, which results in higher decolorization efficiency.
This is due to the fact that the catalytic oxidation of the adsorbent with low activity is also low, allowing the pigments to fade more than the generation of new pigments and the fixation of the original pigments.
Due to the catalytic effect of the adsorbent in the process of adsorption and decolourisation, some non-conjugated fatty acids in the structure of fats and oils may undergo conjugation and be converted into conjugated acids.
Some degree of prior oxidation of the fat is a prerequisite for the isomerisation of non-conjugated acids. Conjugation also needs a certain time, due to the normal pressure decolorization provides the conjugation condition, the conjugate acid generates the chance is big, to the oil has increased the automatic oxidation factor, therefore the stability of normal pressure decolorization is not as good as that of the negative pressure decolorization condition.
At present, negative pressure decolorization is common in all countries in the world, and some measures have been taken in the decolorization process to avoid the intervention of oxygen and the prolonged contact between oil and adsorbent, so as to ensure the stability of the decolorized oil.
- Operation Temperature
The operating temperature in adsorption decolorization is determined by the type of oil, the operating pressure and the type and characteristics of the adsorbent.
The temperature for removing red color is higher than that for removing yellow colour. The adsorbent with normal pressure and low activity degree (such as natural bleaching clay) needs higher operation temperature.
The adsorbent with negative pressure and high activity degree is suitable for decoloring under lower temperature. The activated white clay of high-temperature type can not be operated under low temperature to obtain good decoloring effect, and the adsorbent of magnesium silicate type needs higher operation temperature (204℃).
Different oils have specific suitable decoloring temperature, if the operation temperature is too high, it will cause the oil back to color due to the generation of new pigment.
The decolorization temperature of the oil also affects the acidity of the decolorized oil. Within a certain range, the operating temperature has a small effect on the acidity of the oil, but when it exceeds the critical point, the FFA content of the decolorized oil will increase proportionally as the temperature rises. Therefore, it is necessary to weigh the decolorization rate and FFA growth rate in the operation, so that the oil can be decolorized at a better temperature.
The decoloring effect is best when the decoloring temperature is around 105℃-110℃. In order to prevent condensation from entering the filter cake to affect the drying of the cake and automatic unloading, the temperature of the filter medium should be above 105 ℃.
- Operation Time
Adsorption decolorization operation of fish oil and adsorbent at a higher temperature contact time is determined by the adsorbent and pigment adsorption equilibrium, as long as the stirring effect is good, it does not need too long time to reach the adsorption equilibrium.
Although the degree of decolorization in a certain range of time with the extension of the deepening of the time, but overly prolonged, not only the fading amplitude will be slowed down, and even make the color of the oil back to the rise.
The oil in contact with adsorbent at high temperature may have fatty acid double bond conjugation with the extension of time, and bring the oil with bad smell (bleaching earth smell), and the operation is not economical.
Therefore, the industrial production is often not one-sided pursuit of the theoretical better time, the effective decoloring time of oil products is controlled at 20min~30min to ensure the decoloring effect.
- Mixing Degree
In the process of decolorization, the adsorption of pigment by adsorbent is carried out on the surface of adsorbent, which belongs to non-uniform physicochemical reaction. Good mixing can make the oil and adsorbent have uniform contact opportunities, which is conducive to the establishment of adsorption equilibrium, and to avoid the deterioration of oil quality caused by long-time contact.
In atmospheric pressure decolorization operation, the mixing strength should be enough to achieve the adsorbent to be uniformly suspended in the oil, and shall not be too strong to reduce the degree of oxidation of oil. In negative pressure decoloring operation, the mixing intensity can be more intense, in order not to cause the splash of oil to the extent.
- Decolouring Process
It can be seen from the adsorption isothermal formula that the effective concentration of adsorbent and adsorption equilibrium state are important factors for the adsorbent to reach saturation adsorption force.
In the light-colored oil to reach the adsorption equilibrium of the adsorbent on the dark-colored oils still have the ability to decolorize, so the countercurrent adsorption operation can be greater decolorization efficiency.
The common decolorization process can only establish the adsorption equilibrium once, while the multi-stage decolorization process can establish the equilibrium several times, and if the equilibrium is taken as an infinite number of times, the theoretical counter-current operation can be achieved.
However, since industrial adsorbents are mostly granular bulk, it is difficult to achieve countercurrent operation in production.
Multi-stages countercurrent decolorization, although theoretically superior, but due to the adsorbent cake transfer can not be avoided with the air contact, particles carrying oil is easy to oxidise, it is seldom used in practice. However, the theory of countercurrent decolorization is reflected in some processes. For example, the pre-color removal process belongs to the typical two-stage countercurrent decolorization process.
It can also be seen from the adsorption isotherm that a certain amount of adsorbent added to the oil in batches is more effective in decolorization than the full amount of adsorbent put into the oil at one time.
The oil to be decolorized will be filtered through the adsorbent layer of the pressure filtration, which also has a special decolorization effect. This can be regarded as the “concentration effect” causing a new equilibrium between the adsorbent and the pigment.
When the adsorbent is put in full quantity at one time, only one adsorption equilibrium is established, but when the adsorbent is added in batches, the vitality of the newly-added adsorbent will be brought into play and a new adsorption equilibrium will be established with the pigment remaining in the previous equilibrium.
The effective concentration of the adsorbent is high relative to the pigment in the filtered oil when decolorizing by pressure filtration and is close to the theory of countercurrent decolorization.
The short contact time between the oil and the adsorbent avoids the production of new pigments or pigment fixation due to oxidation, and therefore the decolourisation efficiency is high.
Most of the continuous decolorization equipment, although avoiding the unbalanced contact time of oil and adsorbent due to successive filtration in batch decolorization, there still exists material short-circuiting, re-mixing and local dead zones, so that the residence time of some reactants (oil and adsorbent) in the equipment is lower than or exceeds the average residence time (the design time for decolourisation).
Thus the theoretical adsorption efficiency can not be achieved. Make the mixed material into a “plunger flow” through the decolorization tower, so that the oil and adsorbent is able to maintain uniform contact at all times. The newly prevalent pipeline continuous decolorizer better reflects this theory.
The temperature of the initial contact between the adsorbent and the oil has a more obvious effect on the decolorization effect.
When the initial temperature is high, the free water in the activated white clay will evaporate rapidly, leading to the disintegration of the montmorillonite crystal lattice, resulting in the loss of part of the active surface of the activated white clay.
In addition, when the initial temperature is high, the oil can not get the protection of the water vapour escaped from the water evaporation of the white clay in the process of warming up and lead to the fixation of the pigment and the production of the newborn pigment, which reflected that the decolorization efficiency under the same adsorbent amount is lower than that under the operation of cold oil addition.
When considering the initial contact temperature factor, it is important to note the effect of residual moisture in the deacidified oil on residual saponification and FFA.
When the oil contains moisture, i.e., it reduces the rate of adsorption of residual soap. And may lead to an increase in the FFA of the decolorized oil. Therefore, the low-temperature addition of adsorbent process, it is necessary to first remove the water in the oil.
Conclusion
Through appropriate designing of process flow and considering the factors outlined in this comprehensive guide, the fish oil can be refined under precise process conditions.
Effective decolorization enhances the quality, stability, and marketability of fish oil esters, allowing consumers to reap the full benefits of Omega-3 fatty acids.
Embrace these tips and empower yourself to produce purified fish oil esters of exceptional quality.
It is crucial to follow the manufacturer’s guidelines and recommendations during the entire start-up and commissioning process. Additionally, involving experienced personnel or working with experts in fish oil refining can significantly contribute to a successful start-up and the smooth operation of the equipment.
We pride ourselves on delivering high-quality, innovative solutions tailored to meet the specific process requirements of our customers.
We provide customized decolorization tower systme according to the feed oil type and fraction, finished product quality requirements and capacity and other factors targeted in the process of larger capacity and then equipped with pre-decolorization tank, the decolorization effect will be better.
A number of engineering practice has proved that our decolorization tower effect is ideal, the relative dosage of adsorbent (white clay, etc.) is small, and the running cost of the equipment is low.
We are working with an experienced team of experts dedicated to providing exceptional service and ensuring your satisfaction at every step of the way.
We understand that each organization has unique needs, and we would be more than happy to discuss how our solutions can be customized to meet your specific requirements.
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